This is going to be about what the Democratic presidential nomination is actually all about — not poll numbers but delegates.
It’s a long piece because there is a lot to explain, a lot the political media hasn’t explained and that good numbers of them are not even attuned to yet. But to understand the contest for the Democratic nomination, you have to get into all this.
First though, some catching up.
Now, after the first Democratic presidential debate and before the second we know the answer to why Maryanne Williamson is running for president of the United States?
Because it’s a great country and anyone who wants to run for president can.
The catch is it is expensive, incredibly complicated, dependent on twists and turns and turnabouts no one can imagine when starting out to campaign for president and, above all, it is not about poll numbers a year before the Democratic National Convention but about delegate numbers at the convention.
Concerning the first debate. Kamala Harris had her made-for-TV moment at the expense of Joe Biden, then ultimately took the same position she attacked him on with regard to school busing, which — no matter how prickly — is not a top of mind subject now except as she used it as a foil for race and the new generation gap or, really, generation gaps. It set off three weeks of sturm and drang on the cable stations about Biden, race, Harris surging. All that crap.
The real discernible truth from those first two debate events? Elizabeth Warren had the best answers, the best demeanor, and the surest footing. Enough. The this and that of the debates is mostly meaningless junk on cable TV stations. Try to ignore it and make up your own minds.
As of this writing, mid-July 2019, the field has changed and increased to 24 candidates. Former Pennsylvania Congressman Joe Sestak, a retired U.S. Navy admiral who ran for the U.S. Senate in 2012 but lost to Republican Pat Toomey, entered the contest in June but in early July, California Congressman Eric Swalwell announced his withdrawal from the race. Days later would be Trump-impeacher and billionaire Tom Steyer announced his entry.
Suffice it to say that Streyer is said to be worth $1.8 billion and apparently is willing to spend $100 million of his own money — which will give him one donor, himself. That is not much of a head start to get into the second debate; he’ll still need another 64,999 individual donors to qualify while getting onto the third debate stage in Houston in September (ABC Network and Univision) will take 130,000 individual donors.
What Sestak is thinking to enter so late with virtually no discernable support or campaign cash and less name recognition only he knows. Swalwell discovered along the way that being booked nearly every day on CNN and MSNBC is not a qualification for president and gives one no recognition beyond their audiences. He will run instead to keep his safe California House seat. As to Steyer?, He is a strident self-entitled jackass, who is living proof that Buckley vs. Valeo, the progenitor of Citizens United, was, as they often say lately at the Supreme Court, wrongly decided n 1976.
The 24 candidates, now including Steyer and Sestak, have qualified or will try to qualify for the second two-night debate scheduled July 30 and 31 in Detroit to be carried by CNN (donor qualification noted above). The qualification rules are the same for the second as for the first debate. There will be no debate in August — the candidates will be left to slog it out on the dusty campaign trail through the sloughs and doldrums of late summer.
One thing to look for is the appearance of Montana Gov. Steve Bullock in the July debate. Entering the race only in May after waiting until Montana’s legislature adopted and he signed a new budget, Bullock did not qualify for the June debate. He will qualify for July and is worth watching. At age 53, he is articulate, focused, an intelligent centrist liberal twice elected governor of a Mountain red state.
He’s won the endorsement of Jan Bauer, considered by some — according to a story by Politico — the very most important Democrat in Iowa presidential politics. If Bullock breaks through to be noticed seriously in the July debate and can move on to the September debate – a very difficult task starting from ground zero in May — he has the potential to re-center the race.
If you remember the film “The American President”, well he looks and sounds the part. If the mayor of South Bend, Ind. can be taken seriously as a presidential candidate, then, certainly, the governor of Montana should be.
To be on the debate stage in September candidates must up their numbers of individual donors from 65,000 to 130,000 and score at least 2% in at least three polls between June 28 and August 28 recognized by the DNC. Unlike the qualification standard for the June/July debates, this will not be an either or. Both qualifications must be met.
Not being on the debate stage does not mean a candidate has to withdraw from the contest but it does mean such candidates will be mostly overlooked by the media going forward, suffer damage to their prospects and, within a short time, likely be forced to face a cash-short reality and shut down their campaigns.
Even now, exactly a year before the convention, the field has sorted into a top tier of five or six candidates while widespread expectations among the political pundit casts of MSNBC and CNN are that these few will be the ones from whom a candidate will emerge and that, like Swalwell, all others will ultimately have to leave the race or simply fall by the wayside.
The five currently deemed certain to be viable are former Vice President Joe Biden, Senators Kamala Harris of California, Elizabeth Warren of Massachusettes and Bernie Sanders of Vermont, and Mayor Pete Buttigieg of South Bend, Ind. Two others deemed on the fringe of that group are Senators Cory Booker of New Jersey and Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota. As noted, one to watch, if only because he was not in the first debate but will be in the second, is Gov. Bullock.
There will be debates monthly for the rest of the year and into 2020 when, finally, voting starts Feb. 3 with Iowa’s caucuses and proceeds weekly through February to the New Hampshire and South Carolina primaries and the Nevada caucuses, reaching a first phase crescendo on March 3 — Super Tuesday.
On that date, 14 states, American Samoa and Democrats Abroad (enrolled Democrats who work and/or live abroad in many countries and elect a small delegation that represents them collectively at the convention) will conduct primaries or caucuses.
In the past, Super Tuesday while not determinative could be indicative from early endorsements of the ultimate outcome of Democratic presidential nominations — usually producing a clear favorite and all but certain nominee (Hilary Clinton), or pointing to an extended contest into May as with the 2008 battle between then Senators Clinton and Barack Obama.
But that changes in 2020 because California, the biggest state with the biggest delegation by a factor of nearly two, has moved its primary from June to Super Tuesday. The Golden State will elect 416 first-ballot delegates that day, more than 10 percent of the delegates who will be allocated by way of primaries and caucuses.
When the state’s 79-second-ballot super delegates are added, California will go to the convention in Milwaukee next July with 495 total delegates, more than 11% of the entire convention.
By comparison, notwithstanding all the commotion surrounding the Iowa caucuses and the other February contests –New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Nevada — the four states together have just 168 elected delegates and only 42 Super Delegates.
Should February and Super Tuesday produce a very, very clear result pointing to one clear front runner or to a contest narrowed to two really strong candidates, the battle will go forward with clear shape.
But if three, four or perhaps even five candidates wake up March 4, 2020, the day after Super-Tuesday, with viable delegate totals, then something not seen since Adlai Stevenson won the Democratic nomination for president in 1952 on the third ballot may loom for the Democratic Party.
That would be a contested convention with a real chance to go to a second, even a third ballot. If that happens it will take the Democratic Party and its convention into political territory uncharted in modern times.
Any such result coming out of next March 3 could begin to take shape earlier as the February states vote, when what has not yet occurred to the pundits, columnists, prognosticators, and reporters on the campaign trail and in cable news’s plushest seats will come into focus:
That even now the determination of who will be nominated is not about summer poll numbers any more than it will be about percentages coming out of the February tests, BUT ABOUT ACCUMULATING DELEGATES.
How many delegates? Well, this is where it gets complicated and where this piece now offers a primer on Democratic Convention delegate selection and how candidates win them.
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When the Democratic National Convention convenes in Milwaukee Monday, July 13, 2020, there will be 57 delegations empowered to choose the party’s nominees for president and vice president.
All 50 states plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Northern Marianas, American Samoa, and Democrats Abroad will be represented.
Every campaign worth mentioning must budget a lot of money for batteries of lawyers who have mastered and understand the complex convention and delegate selection and certification rules of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and of the individual state Democratic Party delegate selection plans required by the DNC.
These lawyers will also need to be up to speed on election laws, rules and regulations in all the states and other jurisdictions sending delegations so that they can be ready to verify or challenge everything along the way, including vote counts and resulting delegate awards.
The smallest state delegations, including all delegate categories (explained below), will be those of Alaska and North Dakota with 17 delegates each although several of the non-state delegations have just 11 total delegates. The number of delegates apportioned to each delegation is determined in advance by factors like a state’s Democratic vote in the last presidential election.
The largest delegations will be New York State, 270 delegates, Florida, 248 delegates, Illinois 184 delegates, Pennsylvania, 176 delegates, and Ohio 153 delegates.
Looming over all will be 495 delegates from California which will have 11% of both all first-ballot eligible delegates and of total delegates on subsequent ballots.
By March 4, following Super-Tuesday, nearly 40% of all elected delegates will have been chosen. By April 1 that number rises to 66%. If on that date it remains a multi-candidate race, there becomes a greater-than-lesser likelihood that a truly contested convention could result.
To be nominated on the first ballot will require a candidate to win 50% plus 1 of 3,768 delegates or 1,885 delegates. To be nominated on a second or any subsequent ballot will require winning 50% plus 1 of 4,532 delegates or 2,267 delegates.
Like a Passover question, why is there a difference between the first ballot and any subsequent ballots?
This is because the Democratic Party has a category of delegates called Super Delegates. Super Delegates are all Democrats in the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, the (430) members of the Democratic National Committee, all currently serving Democratic governors — including those of territories and the mayor of Washington, D.C., and a small group of “Distinguished Party Leaders” which includes former Democratic Presidents and Vice Presidents.
At the 2020 convention, there will be 764 Super Delegates, who under rule changes adopted by the DNC after the 2016 convention, are not permitted to vote on the first ballot, except if the first ballot delegates alone produce a majority of the number of all delegates including Super delegates: That, 2,267 votes, would be 60% of all first ballot delegates and from the view today no one is going to the convention with 60% of the delegates.
On the first ballot, the only delegates who may vote are the 3,768 district delegates elected in primaries and caucuses, and delegates selected in two delegate categories apportioned in each delegation according to statewide primary or caucus vote results.
The two statewide categories determined by voting are called state at-large delegates and Party Leaders and Elected Official delegates (hereafter PLEO delegates for easier reference). Those eligible to seek spots as PLEO delegates, for example, include elected Democratic mayors, county executives, county and municipal council members or Democratic state and county committee members or party municipal chairs for example.
The only way someone in one of the Super Delegate categories could qualify to vote on the first ballot is to be chosen in one of the elected categories.
In the past, most if not all Super Delegates announced their choices well before the convention. Hilary Clinton, for example, had the nomination locked away on Super Delegate strength long before the convention. Barrack Obama made significant inroads with Super Delegates on his way to the nomination.
This time a lot of Super Delegates will, if they are astute, hold back unless and until the campaign takes a decisive direction. If that direction is toward a second ballot, uncommitted Super Delegates will have numbers to influence strongly the convention’s choice.
Of utmost interest and importance is that elected delegates are pledged to the candidates under whose banners they were chosen unless or until the following happens. If a candidate they are pledged to withdraws before the first ballot, they are free to support another. If the convention goes to a second ballot all pledges dissolve. If that happens, the convention would most assuredly turn to old-fashioned brokering.
It would be a great television show so if there is any sign of it developing expect the cable networks to pound the possibility.
Every candidate has to work with the rules within each state to assemble slates of district delegates and slates of at-large and PLEO delegate candidates. In the case of at-large and PLEO delegate lists, candidates will be entitled to send a percentage of them as nearly identical as possible to the candidates’ percentages of votes in each primary or caucus if their shares of the votes meet a minimum 15% threshold in each delegation election (see below re proportionality).
So, again, to be nominated on the first ballot candidates will need to win 50% plus one (1) of 3,768 delegates, or 1,885 delegates. If no candidate gets there then subsequent ballots will require a candidate to win 2,267 delegates to become the nominee.
All Democratic primaries and caucuses must elect the majority of delegates from districts. Most state Democratic parties base these on their state’s congressional districts. Some use legislative districts.
Then the Democratic Party rules require proportionality. In simplest terms, the rule of proportion governing Democratic Party delegate awards is this: A candidate must win at least 15% of the delegates in a district to be awarded a share of that district’s delegates in accord with the candidate’s share of the qualified vote tally. A candidate must win at least 15% of the statewide vote in a primary or caucus to get a proportionate share of the state’s at-large and PLEO delegates.
If a candidate gets less than 15% in a district, he or she gets no delegates from that district. If a candidate receives less than 15% of the statewide primary/caucus vote then he/she gets no at-large or PLEO delegates from that state. In a large population state with many districts, it would be conceivable to win one or more districts decisively but still not reach the 15% threshold statewide.
Example: Pete Buttigieg currently polls at about 5% from survey to survey. If on Feb. 3 he gets 5% or even more, even 14% in any Iowa district caucus or statewide in Iowa, he will win no Iowa delegates.
Before raising a ruckus about fairness, understand that these rules, like the new Super Delegate rule, are distilled from nearly 50 years of Democratic convention reforms since the McGovern candidacy in 1972, including doing away with long-since disallowed winner-take-all primaries.
There are other rules for situations in which no candidate gets 15% of a district or even of a state. Such situations are probably unlikely and let’s forego those even more intricate explanations for now.
It is probably obvious, though not necessarily so, that candidates will by the terms of each state party plan and each state’s election laws have filed slates of candidates for all three elected delegate categories. In some states, the candidates’ names will appear on the ballot as a direct preference. In other states, the names of delegates committed to them will appear. The key will be district delegate votes in each state because they in turn when added up statewide decide the apportionment of at-large and PLEO delegates.
When, for example, there are projections at the end of the Iowa caucuses of delegates won that will be a projection of the total delegates won in the districts by a candidate plus his or her projected share of the at-large and PLEO delegates resulting from the total Iowa Democratic vote.
Looking at the polls now — meaningless as they are more than six months before the first vote in Iowa –how would they correlate to these rules for delegate selection?
Well, overall and very generally, five candidates are leading in all the polls: former VP Biden, Senators Harris, Warren and Sanders, and Buttigieg, although, as noted, he trails in single digits.
Biden leads in all polls to date in a range from 22% to about 30%. The three senators variously poll in the teens and Buttigieg is in the middle single digits.
For the sake of argument if those polls today reflect the actual outcome in the district voting with its effect on at-large and PLEO delegates, then none of the four top candidates would be close to 50% plus 1 on the first ballot while Buttigieg would have few if any delegates.
There is a long way to go and a lot to happen in debates, from endorsements, campaign fundraising, spending management, glitches caused by candidates’ errors, events we can’t foresee including, the ravings and rages of Trump and so much more. Everything and anything can change.
But if three, four or even five candidates survive to the convention then it will mean they enter it with meaningful delegate counts that could take more than one ballot to decide the nominee.
So the real story now isn’t the poll numbers but how they juxtapose with the complicated, complex delegate selection the contest is actually all about and how that plays out through a combined 57 primaries and caucuses.
That’s why the strongest candidate or candidates now are not necessarily reflected by poll numbers. A likely measure is how much they’ve raised and how much of that money they are putting into strong field organizations in the February states, plus the invisible but key strategic decisions they are making about Super Tuesday and particularly about California.
New Jersey, my state, is the last big state primary. Traditionally it shared the primary calendar with two even bigger states, Ohio and California. But California will take its turn March 3 and Ohio has moved up to March 10.
In 2020 the New Jerse primary, with a few smaller states holding theirs as well, will be June 2, when New Jersey’s 107 elected delegates could turn out to be the biggest prize remaining for a viable multi-candidate field before the convention opens a scant six weeks later.
Wouldn’t that be fun? Oh yes, it would, with the Jersey shore the scene for a campaign frenzy next Memorial Day weekend.